A. Apa yang dimaksud dengan TEXT:
1.
TEXT adalah segala bentuk tulisan yang
ada pada sebuah buku, artikel dll yang mempunyai makna. Non-continuous text
misalnya brosur, label, grafik, tabel, map, diagram dsb. Continuous text
misalnya narrative, descriptive,exposition, spoof dsb.
2.
PARAGRAPH adalah bagian dari sebuah
tulisan/teks dan mungkin saja terdiri dari sebuah kalimat atau sekumpulan
kalimat yang merupakan pengembangan dari pokok pikiran/main topic/main idea.
3.
Kalimat yang menggambarkan main
idea/pokok pikiran dari sebuah paragraph disebit TOPIC SENTENCE.
4.
Topic sentence biasanya ada
pada awal/akhir/kadang di tengah sebuah paragrap.
5.
Gambaran umum tentang isi
bacaan bisa merupakan MAIN TOPIC
atau MAIN IDEA.
6.
TOPIC dari sebuah paragrap/teks adalah
subjek dari tulisan, sedangkan MAIN IDEA
adalah keterangan, penjelasan, uraian topic atau merupakan pendapat penulis
tentang topic tulisannya.
7.
Oleh karena itu pertanyaan
tentang topic dari sebuah
paragraph/text bisa tentang inti isi tulisan yang juga bisa merupakan judul.
8.
Jika pertanyaan menanyakan ‘TOPIC’ maka jawaban ditulis dalam satu kata atau bentuk frasa, tetapi
jika pertanyaan menanyakan tentang ‘MAIN
IDEA’ maka jawaban ditulis dalam kalimat
lengkap.
9.
Yang dimaksud dengan ‘informasi tertentu/specific information’
adalah informasi yang tertera jelas
dalam text, biasanya tentang nama, tempat, tanggal, tahun, dsb.
10. Yang dimaksud dengan ‘informasi
tersirat’ adalah informasi yang tidak
tertera jelas dalam text. Untuk dapat menjawab pertanyaan spt ini
dibutuhkan keterampilan ‘reading between
the lines’.
11. Frasa adalah rangkaian kata yang mempunyai makna.
B. JENIS-JENIS TEXT: CIRI
& CONTOH
1.
Narrative (naratif, dongeng)
a.
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative
Purpose)
Menghibur pendengar/pembaca (To entertain reader/listener). Teks
bertalian dengan pengalaman nyata, khayal/ peristiwa pelik yang mengarah ke
suatu krisis, yang pada akhirnya menemukan penyelesaian.
b.
Struktur Teks (Text
Structure)
§
Orientation (pengenalan tokoh, waktu,
dan tempat)
§
Complication (pengembangan konflok)
§
Resolution (penyelesaian konflik)
c.
Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:
- Nouns (kata benda) tertentu
sebagai kata ganti orang, hewan dan benda tertentu dalam cerita misalnya stepsister (saudara tiri), housework (pekerjaan rumah
tangga), dsb.
- Adjectives (kata sifat) yang
membentuk noun phrase, misalnya long white hair, two red apple, dsb.
- Time connectives dan conjunction
untuk mengurutkan kejadian-kejadian, misalnya the next morning, then,
before, that, soon, dsb.
- Adverbs untuk menunjukan lokasi
kejadian/peristiwa, misalnya here, happily ever after, dsb.
- Action verbs dalam past tense
seperti stayed, climed, saw dsb.
- Saying verbs yang menandai ucapan
seperti said, told, promised, dan thinking verbs yang menandai pikiran,
persepsi atau perasaan tokoh dalam cerita, misalnya thought, understood,
felt, dsb.
d.
Contoh teks narrative
Orientation Complication 1 Resolution 1 Complication 2 Resolution 2 |
Snow White Once upon a time, there
lived a little girl named Snow White.
She lived with her uncle and Aunt because
her parents were dead. One day, she heard her Uncle and Aunt
talking about leaving her in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they
didn’t have enough money to take her. Snow White didn’t want her Uncle and Aunt to do
this so she decides it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breackfast. She ran away into
the woods. Then, she saw this little cottage. She knocked
but no one answered so she went inside and fell sleep. Meanwhile, the seven
dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow
White sleeping. Then, she woke up.
She saw the dwarfs. The dwarf said, “What is your name?” She said,
“My name is Snow White.” Doc, one of
the dwarfs, said, “If you wish, you may live here with us. She said, “Oh
could I? Thank you.” Then she told the dwarfs the whole story, and she and
the seven dwarfs lived happily ever
after. |
2.
News Item (Berita)
a.
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative
Purpose)
Memberitakan kepada pembaca, pendengar/penonton tentang
peristiwa-peristiwa atau kejadian-kejadian yang dipandang penting atau layak
diberitakan.
b.
Struktur Teks (Text
Structure)
§
Kejadian inti
§
Latar belakang: elaborasi
kejadian, orang yang terlibat, tempat kejadian, dsb.
§
Sumber informasi: komentar
saksi kejadian, pendapat para ahli, dsb.
c.
Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:
- Informasi singkat tertuang dalam
headline menggunakan action verbs,
saying verbs, misal say, tell,
dsb. Menggunakan kata keterangan, misalnya badly injured, the most beautiful bride in the worl, dsb.
d.
Contoh teks News Item
Kejadian inti Latar
belakang: Elaborasi Sumber
Informasi |
Town Contaminated Moscow- A
Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another soviet nuclesr catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and
contaminated an entire town. Yelena
Vazrshaskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the
explosion of a nuclear submarine at
the naval base of shkotova-22 near Vladivostock. The accident,
which occurred 13 months before the
Chernobly disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of
the Soviet Union. Residents war told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had
been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to
remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrery. A board of
investigation was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy. |
3.
Procedure (prosedur)
a.
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative
Purpose)
Memberi petunjuk tentang cara melakukan sesuatu melalui serangkaian
tindakan/langkah.
b.
Struktur Teks (Text
Structure)
§
Tujuan Kegiatan
§
Bahan-bahan
§
Langkah-langkah
c.
Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:
- Pola kalimat imperative, misalnya
Cut, Don’t mix, dsb.
- Action verbs, misalnya turn, put, don’t mix, dsb.
- Connectives untuk mengurutkan
kegiatan, misalnya then, while, dsb.
- Adverbials untuk menyatakan rinci
waktu, tempat, cara yang akurat, misalnya for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top, dsb.
d.
Contoh teks Procedure
Tujuan Bahan Langkah-langkah |
How to Make a Cheese
Omelet Ingredients 1 egg, 50 g cheese. 1 cup milk, 3 table spoons cooking oil, a
pinch of salt and pepper Utensils Frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl, plate Method 1.
Crack an egg into a bowl. 2.
Whisk the egg with a fork
until it is smooth. 3.
Add milk and whisk well. 4.
Grate the cheese into the
bowl and stir. 5.
Heat the oil in a frying pan. 6.
Pour the mixture into the frying pan 7.
Turn the omelet with a
spatula when it browns 8.
Cook both sides 9.
Place on a plate; season with
salt and pepper. 10.
Eat while warm. |
4.
Report
(Laporan Hasil Pengamatan)
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose)
Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu apa adanya, sebagai hasil
pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Sesuatu yang dapat dideskripsikan dapat
meliputi gejala alam, lingkungan benda buatan manusia, atau gejala-gejala
sosial. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum, misalnya ikan
paus termasuk binatang mamalia karena ikan tersebut melahirkan anaknya. Untuk
membuat laporan semacam ini, siswa perlu mengamati dan membandingkan ikan paus
dengan binatang lainnya yang memiliki ciri-ciri yang sama. Siswa dapat mencoba
membuat teks laporan tentang, misalnya rumah sangat sederhana, warung tegal,
sekolah, rumah sakit, dsb.
a.
Struktur Teks (Text
Structure)
§ Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan dan
klasifikasinyaTujuan Kegiatan
§
Deskripsi
b.
Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:
- General nouns, seperti Reptil in Comodo Island, dsb.
- Relating verbs untuk menjelaskan
ciri, misalnya reptile are scaly
animal (ciri ini berlaku untuk semua reptilia),dsb.
- Section verbs dalam menjelaskan
perilaku, misal lizards cannot fly,
dsb.
- Present tense untuk menyatakan
suatu yang umum, misalnya komodo
dragon usually weigh more than 160 kg, dsb.
- Istilah tekhnis, misalnya water contains oxygent and hydrogen,
dsb.
- Paragraf dengan topic sentences
untuk menyusun sejumlah Informasi.
c.
Contoh teks Report
Pernyataan
tentang subjek laporan Deskripsi |
The Pelican Report The white
pelican is one of the most succesful fish eating birds. The success is
largely due to its command hunting behavior. A group, perhaps two dozen
birds, will gather in a curved src some distance off shore. The bird then
begin to move forward towards the shore, beating the water furiously with
their wings, driving the fish before them When the water
is shallow enough for the bird to reach the fish, the formaion breaks up as
each dips its bill into the water to scoops up its meal. As the bird lifts
its head, the water drains from its bill leaving the fish which are then
swallowed Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds. Fossils of this genus
have been found dating back 40 million years. |
5. Descriptive
a.
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative
Purpose)
Mendeskripsikan (menggambarkan) ciri-ciri seseorang, benda atau
tempat tertentu.
b.
Struktur Teks (Text
Structure)
§ Pengenalan subjek
§
Ciri-ciri subjek, misalnya
tampilan fisik, kualitas, prilaku umum, sifat-sifat.
c.
Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:
- Nouns tertentu misalnya teacher,
house, my cat, dsb.
- Simple present tense
- Detiled noun phrase untuk
memberikan informasi tentang subjek, misalnya It was a large open rowboat, a sweet young lady, dsb.
- Adjectives, yang bersifat describing, numbering classifying,
misalnya, two strong legs, sharp
white fang, dsb.
- Relating verbs untuk memberikan
informasi tentang subjek, misalnya, My
mum is realy cool, It has very tick fur, dsb.
- Thinking verbs dan feeling verbs
untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi penulis tentang subjek, misalnya Police belive the suspect is armed, I
think it is the clever animal, dsb.
- Action verbs, misalnya Our new puppy bites our shoes,
dsb.
- Adverbials untuk memberikan
informasi tambahan tentang perilaku tersebut, misal fast at the tree house,dsb.
- Bahasa figurative, seperti simile,
metafor. Misalnya John is white
as chalk, sat tigh, dsb.
d.
Contoh Teks Descriptive
Subjek
Deskripsi |
MacQuarie University MacQuarie is
one of the largest unuversities in Australia. This year, in 2004, it
celebrates its 40th anniversary. The university
is located at the North Ride Greenbelt, Sydney, where the New South Wales
government sets aside 135 hectars for the institution. In 1964, MacQuarie
area was a rural retreat on the city fringe, but today the campus and its
surrondings have evolved beyond recognition.The white pelican is one of the
most succesful fish eating birds. North Ride District has growen into a
district of intensive occupatian anchored by a vibrant and growing
university. One of the
highlights of the landsape is the Mars Creek zone. It comprises landscaped
creek sides and valley floor, a gress amphitheatre,andartificial lake
surounded by rock and pebbels, native plants and eucalypts. |
6.
Anecdote (cerita lucu)
a.
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative
Purpose)
Menceritakan kejadian/peristiwa lucu berdasarkan khayalan atau
peristiwa nyata yang bertujuan menghibur.
b.
Struktur Teks (Text Structure)
§
Abstrak
§
Pengenalan
§
Krisis
§
Tindakan
§
Koda (prubahan yang terjadi
pada tokoh dan pelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari cerita)
c.
Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:
- Seruan/kata seru, pertanyaan
retorik dan kata-kata seperti Listen
to this! And do you know what?
It’s awful, isn’t it? dsb
- Action verbs, misalnya go, write,
dsb.
- Conjuctions yang berhubungan
dengan waktu, seperti then,
afterwards, dsb.
d.
Contoh Teks Anecdote
Abstract Orientation Crisis Reaction/
tindakan Coda/ koda |
Soon after
Dave left college, one of his uncles, who was rich died and left Dave a lot
of money. So he decided
to set up his own real estate agency. He had only
been there for a few hours when he heard some onr coming towards the door of
hos offoce. “It’s my first
customer!” he thought. He quickly p[icked up the telephone and pretended to
be very busy answering an important call from someone in New York who wanted
to buy a big and expensive house in the country. The man
knocked at the door while this was going on, came in and waited politely for
the agent to finish his conversation. Then he said to me, “I’m from the
telephone company, and I was sent here to connect your telephone.” |
7.
Analytical Exposition (eksposisi analitia)
a.
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative
Purpose)
Memaparkan dan mempengaruhi audience (pendengar/pembaca) bahwa ada
masalah yang tentunya perlu mendapat perhatian.
b.
Struktur Teks (Text
Structure)
§
Pernyataan pendapat/ Thesis
statement (tujuan memperkenalkan topik)
§
Argumen terdiri dari point yang
dikemukakan dan elaborasi
§
Penguatan pernyataan/conclusion
c.
Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:
- General nouns, misal car,
pollution, leaded petrol car, dsb.
- Abstrac nouns, misalnya policy,
government , dsb.
- Relating verbs, misalnya It is
important, dsb.
- Action verbs misalnya, She must
save, dsb.
- Thinking verbs, misalnya Many
people believe, dsb.
- Modal verbs, misalnya We must
preserve, dsb.
- Modal adverbs, misalnya certainly,
dsb.
- Connectives, misalnya firstly,
secondly, dsb.
- Bahas evaluatif, misalnya
important, valuable, dsb.
- Kalimat pasif (passive voice)
d.
Contoh Teks Analytical
Exposition
Pernyataan
pendapat Argumentasi Penguatan
pernyataan (conclusion) |
Air pollution
is one of the harmful substances that causes demage to the environment, human
healt, and quality of life. It makes people sick like having breathing
problems and cancer. Pollutants
also come from other sources. For instance, decomposing garbage in landfills
and solid waste disposal sites emits methane gas and many product give off
VOCs Unlike
pollutants from human activity however, natural pollutanta tend to remain in
the atmosphere for a short time and do not lead to permanent atmosphere
change. |
8.
Hortatory Exposition (eksposisi hortatory)
a.
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative
Purpose)
Memaparkan dan mempengaruhi audience (pendengar/pembaca) bahwa seharusnya
demikian atau tidak demikian .
b.
Struktur Teks (Text
Structure)
§
Pernyataan isu yang
dipersoalkan
§
Argumen : berupa alasan mengapa
ada keprihatinan, dan mengarah ke rekomendasi
§
Recomendasi : pernyataan
tentang bagaimana seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya
c.
Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:
- Abstrac nouns,misalnya policy,government dsb.
- Technical verbs, misalnya species of animals,dsb.
- Relating verbs, misalnya should be, doesn’t seem to have been ,
dsb.
- Action verbs, misalnya, we must save, dsb.
- Thinking verbs, misalnya I believe , dsb.
- Modal verbs, misalnya We must preserve, dsb.
- Modal adverbs, misalnya certainly,we, dsb.
- Connectives, misalnya firstly, secondly, dsb.
- Simple present tense
- Bahas evaluatif, misalnya
important, valuable, dsb.
- Kalimat pasif (passive voice)
d.
Contoh Teks Hortatory
Exposition (eksposisi hortatory)
Pernyataan isue
yang dipersoalkan Argumentasi Rekomendasi |
In all
discussion over the removal of lead from petrol ( and the atmosphere), there
doesn’t seem to have been any mention of the diffence between driving in the
city and in the country. While I
realise my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel
that when you travel through the country,where you only see another car every
five to ten minutes,the problem is not as severe as when traffic is
concentrated on city roads. Those who want
to penalise older , leaded petrol vehicles and their owners donn’t seem to
appreciate thet in the country there is no public transport to fall back upon
and ones own vehicle is the only way to get about. I feel that
country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town
and who already spend a great deal of money on petrol,should be treated
differently to the people who live in the city |
9.
Explanation ( Penjelasan )
a.
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative
Purpose)
Menerangkan proses-proses yang terjadi dalam pembentukan atau
kegiatan yang terkait dengan fenomena dunia ilmiah, sosial-budaya, atau yang
bertujuan menjelaskan.
b.
Struktur Teks (Text Structure)
§
Penjelasan umum
§
Penjelasan proses
§
Penutup
c.
Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:
- General dan abstrac nouns ,
misalnya word chopping, earthquakes;
- Actions verbs;
- Simple present tense;
- Passive voice;
- Conjunctions of time dan cause;
- Nouns phrase, misalnya the large
cloud;
- Abstract nouns, misalnya the
temperature;.
- Adverbial phrases;
- Complex sentences;
- Bahasa teknis ;
- Kalimat pasif (passive voice)
d.
Contoh dan Struktur Teks
Explaination
Penjelasan
umum Penjelsan
proses Penutup |
Making Paper from
Woodchips Woodchipping
is a process used to obtain pulp and paper products form forest tree. The
woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a selected area of
the forest called a coupe. Next the tops
and and branches of the trees are cut out and then the logs are taken to the
mill. At the mill,
the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper wich cuts
them into pieces called woodchips. The woodchips
are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities.at this stage they are
either exported in this form or damaged into pulp by chemical and heat The pulp then
bleached and the water content is removed Finally, the
pulp is rolled out to make paper |
10.
Review ( Ulasan atau tinjauan )
a.
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative
Purpose)
Melakukan kritik terhadap peristiwa atau karya seni untuk pembaca
atau pendengar, khalayak ramai, misalnya film, pertunjukan, dan buku.
b.
Struktur Teks (Text
Structure)
§
Pengenalan
§
Evaluasi 1
§
Evaluasi 2
§
Tafsiran
§
Evaluasi 3
§
Evaluasi 4, dan sebagainya.Jika
ada
§
Rangkuman
c.
Ciri kebahasaan :
§ Terfokus pada partisipan tertentu
Menggunakan:
- Adjective, menunjukan sikap,
seperti bad,good;
- Klausa panjang dan kompleks;
- Metafor.
d.
Contoh dan Struktur Teks Review
Pengenalan/ Orientasi Evaluasi 1 Evaluasi 2 Tafsiran Rangkuman |
Harry Pooter and the
Order of the Phoenix I absoluttely
love the Harry Potter series,and all of the books will always hold a special
place in my heart. I have to say
that off all of the books,however, this was not my favorite. When the
series began it was as much of a “feel good” experience as a huge mug of hot
cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and ultimately
satisfying. Order of the
Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works… you feel a
whole new level of intensity truly moved by the last page. Other time the
book just has slightly a reary, depressing feel. The galloping pace of the
other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, as if
we’re reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having his usual
adventures. Reading in detail about Herry cleaning up an old house, for
example-housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or not, and I’m not very
interest in doing it or reading about other people doing it. A few other
changes in this book-the “real” would come much more in to ply rather than
the fantasy universe of the previous book, and Harry has apparently been
taken of his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book,
especially with being a teenager and all, but the sudden change in his
character seemed too drastic. He goes from being a warm-heart, considerated
person to someone who will bite his best friend’s heads of over nothing. It
just seemed like it didn’t fit his character, like he turned into a walking
clich of the “angry teen” overnight. |
11. Commentary
a.
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative
Purpose)
Menjelaskan proses yang terjadi pada sebuah fenomena sosial sebagai
sebuah penomena natural. Teks mengenai ilmu alam menggunakan genre/bentuk teks
explaination dalam penyampaiannya.
b.
Struktur Teks (Text
Structure)
§
Pernyataan umum
§
Penjelasan lanjutan
c.
Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan:
- General nouns, misalnya
evolution, teddy bear, dsb.
- Past tense
- conjunction
d.
Contoh Teks Commentary
Pernyataan
umum |
Where did
bears come from? Bear as we know him has bot axisted on this earth for every
long period of time, but his predecessor may go back many hundreds of years.
Most authorities now believe that the handsome, two legged bear of today
evolved from a single celled organism a speck of dust perhaps. Then
gradually, through natural selection and survival of the speck, cotton wool
balls developed. We do not know exactly when the frist soft furnishing
appeared on earth, but they must have been very simple beings. |
Penjelasan Lanjutan |
In the
beginning was the Cushion. Not a very ampressive object – simply a lump of
padding material held together with some sort of covering – but from this
induspicious start developed two reptilian forms that were the direct
ancettors of modern bear. |
Penjelasan
lanjutan |
One of the
first evolutionary step occurred when a mutant, misshaped cushion was
created. He must have appeared very strange to his fellow cushions, but he
was the first bean bag frog. Filled with bean, rice or other non-toxic substance,
he had two eyes and four legs. Bean Bag Frogs, however, were pretty on kind,
being incredibly floppy, and in water they tended to sink. |
Penjelasan
Lanjutan |
At about the
same time as the time as the Bean Bag Frog was emerging, the Cushion was
developing along different lines into the draught excluder. At first merely a
long thin Cushion, it graduallyeveloped eyes, a forked tongue and an a
patternbody, its tendency to lie along the bottom of draughty doors perhaps
points to the lack of an efficient body cooling mechanism. |
Penjelasan
Lanjutan |
From these
rather basic creatures the first Toy Dog developed. Long and thin like a
Drought Excluder, and with four leg like a Bean Bag Frog, he still had
difficulty in muving about owing to his very short appendages. |
Penjelasan
lanjutan |
Movement
became easier with invension of wheel. Dog – on – Wheels was a very succesful
species for many years but is now thereatened with extincion. A few remain in
captivity but they appear to have difficulty in reproducing them selves under
these circumstances. |
Penjelasan
lanjutan |
When the first
soft toy stood up and walked on two legs instead of four, modern bear was
born. |
12. Discussion (Pembahasan)
a.
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks
mengetengahkan suatu masalah (isu) yang ditinjau paling tidak dari 2
(dua) sudut pandang, sebelum sampai pada suatu kesimpulan atau rekomendasi.
b.
Struktur Teks
• Isu;
• pendapat yang mendukung;
-
Gagasan Pokok 1;
-
Elaborasi (uraian),
-
Gagasan Pokok 2;
-
Elaborasi (uraian).
• Pendapat yang menentang;
-
Gagasan Pokok;
-
Elaborasi (uraian).
• Kesimpulan.
c. Ciri Kebahasan:
Mengunakan :
§ general nouns untuk menyatakan kategori, misalnya uniforms, alcohol
dsb.
§ relating verbs untuk memberi informasi tentang isu yang
didiskusikan, misalnya smoking is harmful, dsb
§ thinking verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi penulis,
misalnya feel, believe, hope, dsb.
§ action verbs, misalnya We must save, dsb
§ additives, contrastives dan causal connectives untuk menghubungkan
argumen misalnya similatly, on the other hand, however, dsb.
§ detailed noun groups untuk memberikan informasi secara padu,
misalnya the dumping of unwanted kittens, dsb.
§ modalities, seperti perhaps, must, should have been, could be, dsb.
§ adverbias of manner, misalnya deliberately. Hopefully, dsb.
d. Contoh dan Struktur Teks
Homework
Isu |
I have been
wondering if homework is necessary |
Pendapat yang |
I think we
should have homework because it helps us to learn and revise our work.
Homework helps |
Mendukung |
People who
aren’t very smart to remember what they have learned. Homework is really good
because it helps with our education. |
Pendapat yang |
But, many
times, doing homework is not a great idea, I think we shouldn’t heve homework
because I |
Menentang |
Like to go out
after school to a restaurant or the movies. Sometimes homework is boring and
not importany. I think homework is bad because I like to play and discuss
things with my family. |
12. RECOUNT (retell/menceritakan kembali)
a.
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks
Melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan dengan tujuan memberitakan/
menghibur.
b.
Struktur Teks
• Pendahuluan (orientation): yaitu memberikan informasi tentang apa,
siapa,
dimana dan kapan.
• Rentetan Peristiwa /events: kegiatan/peristiwa yang terjadi yangf
disampaikan
secara berurutan.
• Komentar pribadi dan/ungkapan penilaian (jika ada).
c. Ciri
Kebahasan:
Mengunakan :
§ Noun dan pronoun sebagai kata ganti orang, hewan/benda yang terlibat
misalnya; Dono, the monkey, we dsb.
§ Action verbs atau kata kerja tindakan, misalnya go, sleep, run, dsb.
§ Past tense misalnya We went to the zoo. She was happy.
§ Conjunction dan time connectives yang mengurutkan
peristiwa/kejadian/kegiatyan. Misalnya and, but, then, after that, dsb.
§ Adverbs dan adverb phrases untuk mengungkapkan tempat, waktu dan
cara. Misalnya yesterday, at my house, slowly dsb.
d. Contoh dan Struktur Teks
EARTHQUAKE
Orientation |
I was driving
along the coast road when the car suddenly lurched to one side. |
Event 1 |
At first I
thought a tyre had gone but then I saw telegraph poles collapsing like
matchsticks. |
Event 2 |
The rocks came
tumbling across the road and I had to abandon the car. |
Event 3 |
When I got
back to town, well, as I said, there wasn’t much left. |